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Contoh surat bahasa Inggris

Macam-macam/jenis Teks Bahasa Inggris

Dalam Bahasa Inggris terdapat macam-macam jenis teks, di bawah ini adalah beberapa jenis teks yang harus diketahui dan dipahami oleh siswa SMP, berikut ini adalah 5 jenis teks beserta penjelasan sederhana dari teks tersebut : 1.DESCRIPTIVE Teks Descriptive adalah teks yang menggambarkan seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu sehingga pembaca dapat membayangkan seolah-olah yang diceritakan itu benar-benar nyata. Tujuan Komunikatif : memberikan informasi mengenai ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu. Struktur Teks: • Identification / Pengenalan: ciri-ciri seseorang, suatu benda atau tempat tertentu yang akan dideskripsikan. • Description / Deskripsi: menggambarkan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tersebut, misalnya bentuk, ukuran, warna, asal, kegemaran dan ciri khusus lainnya. 2.NARRATIVE Teks Narative adalah teks yang bercerita mengikuti alur waktu. Tujuan Komunikatif : Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau khayal. Ciri naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah) dan resolusi (penyelesaian masalah). Struktur Teks: • Pengenalan latar: tokoh, waktu, dan tempat. • Pengembangan konflik. • Penyelesaian konflik. • Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita. 3.PROCEDURE Teks Prosedure adalah teks yang menjelaskan dengan jelas cara membuat atau melakukan sesuatu. Tujuan komunikatif : Memberi petunjuk cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah. Struktur Teks: Goal/Aim/Tujuan – Materials/Tools/Bahan/Alat – Steps/Methods/Langkah 4. RECOUNT Teks Recount adalah teks yang menceritakan kembali kejadian yang telah terjadi berurutan dengan menggunakan keterangan waktu yang jelas pada masa lampau Tujuan komunikatif: Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur. Struktur teks : • Orientation : Pendahuluan yaitu memberikan informasi orang atau benda yang melakukan atau yang terlibat di dalamnya, serta waktu, tempat, situasi, dan lain-lain; • Event 1, Even 2… : Rangkaian peristiwa yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan secara urut. • Re-orientation : Kesimpulan dari rangkaian peristiwa yang terjadi. Reorientation tidak selalu ada pada teks recount. 5.REPORT Teks Report memiliki kemiripan dengan teks deskriptif, teks report memberikan gambaran umum tentang sesuatu tidak mendetail seperti pada teks Deskriptif. Tujuan Komunikatif: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Stuktur Teks : • General Classification : (klasifikasi umum, yaitu menggolongkan atau menentukan secara umum termasuk kepada golongan mana. • Description : yaitu uraian deskripsi atau gambarannya bagia-bagian yang umum ada padanya, derajatnya, dam sifat-sifatnya. Biasanya berupa uraian umum. Penjelasan + Contoh Narrative Text Penjelasan + Contoh Narrative Text – Semua orang pasti sering menceritakan kejadian yang dialaminya ke pada seseorang, baik teman, saudara, orang tua, dll. Nah, sebenarnya apa yang kita lakukan ketika menceritakan kejadian yang kita alami ke seseorang merupakan contoh aplikatif dari Narrative Text. Oleh karena itu semua orang pasti sudah tahu atau paling tidak pernah mendengar kata Narrative Text sebelumnya. Narrative Text merupakan jenis teks bahasa inggris yang sering muncul dan di ajarkan pada tingkat pendidikan SMP atau SMP. Tapi apa sih sebenarnya Narrative Text itu? Untuk itu, pada kesempatan kali ini penulis mencoba hadirkan pengertian, tujuan komunikatif, struktur kebahasaan, ciri kebahasaan dan contoh dari Narrative Text. Semoga penjelasan di bawah ini bermanfaat. Terima kasih. A. Pengertian Narrative Text Narrative Text adalah satu dari 13 jenis teks bahasa inggris (genre) yang lahir dari kalangan Narration (lihat Types Of Text) sepertihalnya Recount Text, Anecdote Text, Spoof Text dan News Items Text yang mana berfungsi untuk menceritakan kisah masa lampau dan untuk hiburan. B. Tujuan Komunikatif Narrative Text Tujuan Komunikatif Narrative Text seperti yang dijelaskan di atas adalah untuk menghibur pendengar atau pembaca tentang suatu kisah atau cerita masa lampau yang bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal atau peristiwa-peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya menemukan suatu penyelesaian. C. Generic Structure Narrative Text Setiap jenis teks bahasa Inggris (genre) memiliki struktur teksnya sendiri-sendiri. Struktur dari Narrative Text terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu : • Orientation: Pada bagian Orientation atau pengenalan berisi tentang pengenalan tokoh dalam cerita serta waktu dan tempat kejadiannya. • Complication: Pada bagian Complication berisi tentang gambaran munculnya krisis atau masalah yang di alami oleh tokoh pada cerita tersebut yang harus dipecahkan. • Resolution: Pada bagian Resolution berisi tentang bagaiman tokoh dari cerita tersebut memecahkan masalah yang ada pada bagian Complication. Biasanya terdapat lebih dari satu Resolution untuk satu Complication. Pada beberapa referensi tentang Narrative Text, terdapat tambahan generic structure pada Narrative Text, yaitu penambahan Coda setelah Resoultion. Jadi susunan Narrative text adalah Orientiation, Complication, Resolution dan Coda. Coda adalah bagian terakhir dari structure Narrative Text yang berisi perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita tersebut. D. Ciri Kebahasan Narrative Text Pada Narrative Text, terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri antara lain sebagai berikut : • Mengunakan Action Verb dalam bentuk Past Tense. Misalnya : Climbed, Turned, Brought, dsb. • Menggunakan Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita. Misalnya : the king, the queen, dsb. • Menggunakan Adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase. Misalnya : long black hair, two red apples, dsb. • Menggunakan Time Connectives dan Conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian. Misalnya : then, before, after, soon, dsb. • Menggunakan Adverbs dan Adverbial Phrase untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa. Misalnya : here, in the mountain, happily ever after, dsb. E. Contoh Narrative Text Banyak sudah contoh mengenai Narrative Text yang telah dibuat , anda bisa melihatnya di Cerita Rakyat Bahasa Inggris Se-Dunia. Tapi untuk lebih afdolnya, penulis hadirkan contoh Narrative Text sebagai berikut beserta contohnya. Snow White Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead. (Suatu ketika, hiduplah seorang gadis bernama Snow White. Dia tinggal bersama paman dan bibinya, karena orangtuanya telah meninggal.) Complication 1 One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White. Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods. (Suatu hari dia mendengar paman dan bibinya berbicara tentang rencana meninggalkan istana karena mereka berdua ingin pergi ke Ameria dan mereka tidak mempunyai cukup uang untuk membawa serta Snow White.) (Snow White tidak ingin paman dan bibinya melakukan hal tersebut, sehingga dia memutuskan akan lebih baik jika dia pergi. Pagi harinya dia pergi dari rumah ketika paman dan bibi nya sedang sarapan. Dia lari ke dalam hutan.) Resolution 1 Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep. Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.” Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after. (Kemudian dia melihat gubuk kecil. Dia mengetuk pintu tetapi tidak ada yang menjawab sehingga dia masuk dan merasa ngantuk.) (Sementara itu, tujuh kurcaci telah pulang dari pekerjaannya. Mereka masuk. Di sana mereka menemukan Snow White tertidur. Kemudian Snow White terbangun. Dia melihat kurcaci tersebut. Kurcaci tersebut berkata “Siapa nama kamu?” Snow White menjawab, “Nama saya Snow White.”) (Doc, salah satu dari kurcaci tersebut berkata, “Jika kamu mau, kamu bisa tinggal di sini bersama kami.” Snow White berkata, “Oh, bolehkah? Terima kasih.” Kemudian Snow White menceritakan semua kisahnya dan akhirnya Snow White dan 7 kurcaci hidup bahagian selamanya.) Teks Recount (Recount Text) Posted by Ahmad Fathoni Penjelasan + Contoh Recount Teks Recount (Recount Text) – Teks Recount adalah salah satu dari jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang menceritakan kembali kejadian-kejadian atau penglaman-pengalaman di masa lampau. Tujuan dari teks recount adalah untuk memberikan informasi atau untuk menghibur pembaca. Di dalam teks recount tidak terdapat komplikasi (complication) seprtihalnya di teks narrative. A. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks Recount Tujuan komunikatif teks recount adalah melaporkan presitiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibut. B. Generic structure Teks Recount Orientation Orientation atau pengenalan yaitu memberikan informasi tentang siapa, dimana, dan kapan peristiwa atau kegiatan itu terjadi di masa lampau. Events Events merupakan rekaman peristiwa yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan dalam urutan kronologis, seperti “In the first day, I … . And in the next day … . And In the last day …” . Di bagian events ini juga biasanya terdapat komentar pribadi tentang peristiwa atau kejadian yang diceritakan. Reorientation Pada bagian reorientation, terdapat pengulangan pengenalan yang ada di orientation, pengulangan yang merangkum rentetan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan yang diceritakan. Contoh Recount Text Our trip to the Blue Mountain Orientation On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a tennis court. Events On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats. On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatoos having a shower. Penjelasan + Contoh Procedure Penjelasan + Contoh Procedure Text Terlengkap – Pernahkah kalian memasak mie instant sendiri, apa langkah awalnya, rebus air hingga mendidih, masukan mie, tunggu hingga matang, tuang ke mangkuk, campurkan bumbu dan terakhir siap untuk disantap. Langkah-langkah atau instruksi dalam membuat atau mengoprasikan sesuatu yang sering kita lakukan sebenarnya merupakan salah satu contoh penerapan dari Procedure Text. A. Pengertian Procedure Text Apa itu Procedure Text? Procedure Text adalah salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris atau yang biasa disebut genre yang menunjukan sebuah proses dalam membuat atau mengoprasikan sesuatu yang berfungsi untuk menggambarkan bagaimana sesuatu dikerjakan melalui langkah-langkah yang teratur. B. Tujuan Komunikatif Procedure Text Tujuan Komunikatif dari Procedure Text adalaha memberikan petunjuk tentang cara melakukan sesuatu melalui tindakan-tindakan atau langkah-langkah yang urut. C. Generic Sturcture Procedure Text 1. Aim/ Goal Pada generic sturcture bagian pertama dari Procdeure Text ini berisi informasi mengenai tujuan dalam pembuatan atau pengoprasian sesuatu. 2. Materials Pada bagian ke-dua, Materials teridiri dari bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam membuat sesuatu. Tapi tidak semua Procedure Text menyertakan bagian materials, adakalanya sebuah Procedure text tidak memiliki bagian materials. Ada tiga jenis procedural text yang tidak menggunakan bagian materials, yaitu: • Procedural text yang menjelasakan bagiamana sesuatu bekerja atau bagaimana cara melakukan instruksi secara manual. Contohnya : How to use the video game, the computer, the tape recorder, the fax, etc. • Procedural text yang menginsturksikan bagaimana melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas tertentu dengan peraturanya. Contohnya : raod safety rules, video game rules, etc. • Procedural text yang berhubungan dengan sifat atau kebaiasaan manusia. Contohnya How to live happily, How to secceed. 3. Steps Pada bagian steps, berisi tentang langkah-langkah atau urutan-urutan yang harus dilakukan agar tujuan yang diuraikan pada baigan Aim/ Goal bisa tercapai. Langkah-langkah atau urutan-urutan tersebut haruslah urut dari yang pertama hingga terakhir. Ciri Kebahasaan Procedure Text Terdapat beberapa ciri kebahasaan dalam Procedure Text, diantaranya yaitu: • Mengguanakan pola kalimat imperative (Perintah), misalnya, Cut, Don’t mix, dsb. • Menggunakan action verbs, misalnya turn, put, don’t, mix, dsb. • Menggunakan connectives (kata penghubung) untuk mengurutkan kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb. • Menggunakan adverbials (kata keterangan) untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat, misalnya for five minutes, 2 hours, dsb. • Menggunakan simple present. Contoh Procedure Text Di bawah ini penulis hadirkan dua contoh dari Procedure Text, baik yang menyertakan materials atau pun yang tidak. Chech this out. How to Plant Chilies Aim/ Goal Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps. Steps Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight. Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger. Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh chilies soon. Penjelasan Report Text Penjelasan Report Text Terlengkap – Sebelumnya apakah anda pernah mendengar apa iu Report Text? Report Text merupakan salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang tergolong ke dalam golongan Description (Lihat artikel Types of Text) yang fungsinya hampir sama dengan Descriptive Text. Jika anda berfikir bahwa teks bahasa Inggris yang fungsinya mendeskripsikan sesuatu adalah hanya Descriptve Text, anda salah besar. Ada satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang bertujuan mendeskripsikan sesuatu, yaitu Report Text. Tapi sebelum membahas terlalu jauh perbedaan antara Descriptive Text dengan Report Text, mari kita lihat pengertian dari Report Text berikut ini. A. Pengertian Report Text Report Text adalah salah satu dari ke-13 jenis teks bahasa Inggris (Types of Text) yang menghadirkan informasi tentang sesuatu seperti alam, hewan, tumbuhan, hasil karya manusia, dan fenomena sosial dengan apa adanya. Informasi yang dihadirkan dalam Report Text adalah hasil dari observasi dan analisis secara sistematis. B. Tujuan Komunikatif Report Text Tujuan komunikatif dari Report Text adalah menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang di deskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alami, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah Report Text dapat berupa kesimpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. C. Struktur Teks/Generic structure Report Text Dalam Report Text, terdapat struktur teks yang terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu: 1. General Clasification Pada bagian general clasification (klasifikasi umum) berisi pengenalan fenomena/ benda yang akan dibicarakan dengan menyertakan pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasi-nya. 2. Description Pada bagian Description (gambaran) terdiri dari gambaran dari fenomena/ benda yang didiskusikan dari bagian ke bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku untuk benda hidup, ataupun kegunaannya untuk benda secara detail. D. Ciri Kebahasaan Report Text Dalam sebuah Report Text terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri kebahasaan (language features) seperti berikut ini: • Menggunakan general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, dsb. • Menggunakan relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), dsb. • Menggunakan action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb. • Menggunakan present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, dsb. • Mengguanakan istilah teknis/ ilmiah, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb. E. Perbedaan antara Descriptive Text dan Report Text Beberapa jenis teks bahasa Inggris (Types of Text) cukup sulit untuk di bedakan. Sepertihalnya Descriptive Text dan Report Text yang mempunyai kesamaan dalam hal tujuan komunikatif (Social Function) dan sturktur kalimatnya (Generic Structure). Tetapi jika kita menganalisisnya dengan cermat, perbedaan antara ke-duanya akan nampak. Tujuan dari kedua teks tersebut adalah untuk memberikan deskripsi langsung mengenai objek. Antara Descriptive Text dan Report Text lebih mencoba untuk menunjukan dari pada memberitahu pembaca tentang kondisi fakta dari objek tersebut. Pembaca dengan sendirinya akan menangkap point yang mengesankan dari objek tersebut melalui penunjukan gaya penulisan. Yang membuat berbeda antara Descriptive Text dan Report Text adalah pada cakupan penulisan objek. Jika kita berbicara tentang misalkan sepeda yang di tulis dalam bentuk Report Text, teks tersebut akan berbicara mengenai sepeda secara umum; bagian-bagiannya, kekuatannya, dan fungsinya secara umum selayaknya sepeda. Sedangkan jika sepeda dideskripsikan dengan Descriptive Text, maka sepeda tersebut merujuk ke jenis speda tertentu misalnya sepeda gunung, sepeda balap dan yang lainnya, yang tentunya dengan ciri-ciri sertifikasi-nya; warna, jenis roda, warna, dll. Singkatnya, Report Text mendeskripsikan sesuatu yang biasanya merujuk kepada gejala-gejala alam, hewan, dan benda ilmiah. Report Text ditulis setelah mendapatkan obeservasi secara cermat. Hal ilmiah dan teknikal inilah yang membuat perbedaan yang jelas dari Descriptive Text. F. Contoh Report Text Untuk mempermudah pemahaman anda mengenai penjelasan penulis tentang Report Text di atas, penulis juga sertakan contoh Report Text di bawah ini beserta terjemahannya: THE PELICAN REPORT General Classification The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds. (Pelican putih adalah salah satu burung pemakan ikan paling berhasil.) Description The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them. (Keberhasilan ini terutama disebabkan oleh perintah perilaku berburu mereka. Sebuah kelompok, mungkin terdiri dari dua lusin burung, akan berkumpul membentuk busur melengkung beberapa jarak dari lepas pantai. Burung-burung tersebut kemudian mulai bergerak maju menuju pantai, mengalahkan air laut yang ganas dengan sayap mereka, mengarahkan ikan di depan mereka.) When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed. Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years. (Ketika air cukup dangkal untuk burung untuk mencapai ikan, formasi memecah karena setiap burung menurunkan paruhnya ke dalam air untuk meraup makanannya. Keika burung tersebut mengangkat kepalanya, air mengalir dari paruhnya yang hanya meninggalkan ikan yang kemudian ditelannya. Pelikan adalah salah satu kelompok burung tertua, fosil dari genus ini telah ditemukan sejak 40 juta tahun yang lalu.)

Beberapa teks dalam bahasa inggris

NARRATIVE Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Complication 3. Resolution 4. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged Example : Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it. The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in twelve sailing junks. When they arrived in Borneo, The set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers. Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree, so he could see the dragon’s cave. He noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and what time he returned to it. Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his brother pulled his kite back to the ground. The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate his sons’ return. RECOUNT Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adjectives Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography. The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure Example : Class Picnic Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school. We had a great day. DESCRIPTIVE Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Identification 2. Description Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms Example : Borobudur Temple Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people NEWS ITEM Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Newsworthy event(s) 2. Background event(s) 3. Sources Dominant Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner. Example : Winning Award for Airport Toilet Surabaya’s Juanda International Airport has won the Culture and Tourism Ministry’s 2009 toilet award, beating out 2007 winner Denpasar’s Ngurah Rai Airport, which now drops to fourth. Indonesia’s main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta, moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial “Sapta Pesona Clean Public Toilet Award”. The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international airports. Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Nuh said he expected the award in future to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country. “Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the quality of products and services, particularly in term of cleanliness . as part of efforts to enhance the image of national culture,” Nuh said during the award presentation ceremony. REPORT Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is. Generic Structure 1. General classification 2. Description Dominant Language Feature 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense Example : Fax Machine Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for “make a copy at a distance”, is also used as a synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instantenous, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document tranferral. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Reiteration/Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using modals 2. Using action verbs 3. Using thinking verbs 4. Using adverbs 5. Using adjective 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using connectives/transition Example : Why Exercise is Important The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too busy to do that. However, many expert said that exercise has great role in making our body healthy Being physically active offers many advantage. In physical reword, exercise can reduce weight then our body will become fitter. Exercise is also believed to reduce stress levels, improve sleep patterns, and reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Beside physical advantage, exercise also brings good effects mentally. Due to the fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can increase our life quality and expectancy. How can we do exercise while we are busy? Such question is commonly found among us. Actually exercise can be done in simple ways. We can go walking while shopping. In the office we can take stair rather than lift to run up and down. Or we can go cycling while enjoy the leisure time. Over all, doing exercise is little bit difficult in busy life but the little bit of exercise will help better. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Dominant Language features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using modals 3. Using action verbs 4. Using thinking verbs 5. Using adverbs 6. Using adjective 7. Using technical terms 8. Using general and abstract noun 9. Using connectives/transition Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done Example : How ASEAN Should Face CAFTA the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) is a win-win situation for ASEAN. It will help speed the recovery of ASEAN from the global recession. The CAFTA is an important vehicle for trade-led growth and recovery in the ASEAN region with growth of 3.9 percent in 2009 which most likely will increase in 2010. Furthermore, the launch of a US$10 billion infrastructure investment fund by China to improve roads, railways and airlines and strengthen telecommunication links may help speed the ASEAN recovery. China has also committed to a $15 billion credit facility to promote regional integration. ASEAN should take advantage of this and not rely completely on the United States. Times are changing and regional groupings like the CAFTA, the SCO, the EU, the NAFTA, etc., are more beneficial than so-called globalization. One crisis, like the one in the US, has a domino effect to the world economy, whereas one region that falls into a crisis can be rescued by other regions not affected by it. World trade will be more stable under divided regional groupings and still maintain world trade and investments globally. Last but not the least, in order to take advantage of the CAFTA and make it work, ASEAN should cut down its bureaucratic red tape in its financial and economic sectors to efficiently speed up trade and investment, and do it with transparency. DISCUSSION Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’) Generic Structure: 1. Issue 2. Arguments for and against 3. Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Use of relating verb/to be 3. Using thinking verb 4. Using general and abstract noun 5. Using conjunction/transition 6. Using modality 7. Using adverb of manner Example : National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam? People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system. Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn’t need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students’ competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students’ competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students’ cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale. REVIEW Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience dominant Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation 5. Evaluative Summation Dominant Language features: 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor Example : 2012 Film Review 2012 is Roland Emmerich’s film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012. 2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost threatens the entire mission. Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012 film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich’ 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet’s cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon. All in one, 2012′s cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy. Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over the end credits. SPOOF Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Twist Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Chronologically arranged Example: The Zoo Job Story One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo’s most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity. So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown. He pretended the gorilla successfully. However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the lion’s cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd people loved it. At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a good attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified. Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, “Help me, help me!”, but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth;”Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?”. EXPLANATION Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena. Generic Structure: 1. General statement 2. Explanation 3. Closing Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect. Example : How does Rain Happen? Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

contoh pidato bahasa inggris

Good morning Ladies & Gentleman, the first i’m grateful because i given chance by my english teacher and all of my friends to bring this speech this morning about global warming. Well, as we know that global warming is such a disaster for our country and for our world that give a serious problem for our next human generation. Global Warming is a reason why our world temperature is getting hot. Nowadays the temperature take about more than 30 degrees Celcius, and with that number of temperature the ice in South Pole and North Pole are getting melt, and in my opinion slow but sure that the ice in South Pole, North Pole and Greenland will be vanish, because of the ice melt processing, the sea level in our world getting higher, and the area in the world that still under the sea level will be troubled for flood. As a result, our world temperature is getting hot because of the use of cars emission and industry pollution that waft about in our earth atmosfer and make the ozone decreasing, so the sun light can break through the earth ozone and trapped in earth atmosfer until the earth become more hot than usual. There are a lot of bad impact for our world if we don’t stop the process of the global warming now. First, we will be lost much land and many area in the world that still under sea level will be troubled for flood. Many people will lost their home because no one want to live in a dangerous places. Second, the environment will be shattered, weather and climate in each places will be changed without permission. And the last is we will not breath with a fresh air again. we should stop global warming as soon as possible, how to do that by reduce the use of cars emission and should find the new alternate energy that good for our environment. Second, we should stop chop down the trees with big quantity, because the trees can reduce the pollution by released Carbon dioxide. Third, we should put the garbage in the right place, and do replanting the trees, every each house in the world must put one tree standing in their garden in case to reduce the pollution. I’m at the end of my speech today, I do apologize if I said something wrong. So let’s keep our earth clean and safe! If not us who else? If not right now there is no future because time is never getting back. Thanks for your attention.

Pengertian simple present tense

Pengertian Simple Past Tense Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi dimasa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik. Adapun simple past tense juga dapat digunakan untuk membentuk if conditional tipe 2. Rumus Simple Past Tense Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb] Dengan demikian rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut. Jenis Kalimat Rumus Contoh Simple Past Tense positif (+) S + Verb-2 (past tense) S + be(was/were) The teacher came I was a stamp collector negatif (-) S + did + not + bare infinitive S + be(was/were) + not The teacher didn’t come I wasn’t a stamp collector interogatif (?) Did + S + bare infinitive be(was/were) + S Did the teacher come Was I a stamp collector Contoh Simple Past Tense Beberapa contoh kalimat simple past tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut. Fungsi Contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di masa lampau. For (preposition) dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan periode waktu kejadian. Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago. (Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.) Did he come on time yesterday? (Apakah dia datang tepat waktu kemarin?) The party started at 10.00 a.m. (Pesta mulai jam sepuluh pagi.) Did you sleep enough last night? (Apa kamu cukup tidur semalam?) I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years. (Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.) Simple past tense untuk membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. When (subordinate conjunction) biasanya digunakan pada situasi ini. I often did exercise in the gym when I lived in Bandung. (Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.) When I was a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study. (Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam 4 pagi untuk belajar.) Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung. I was reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud. (Saya sedang membaca jurnal di perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.) Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi yang telah selesai (past perfect tense). I had already finished my breakfast when he picked me up. (Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.) Simple past tense digunakan pada if conditional tipe 2. If she studied hard, she would be pass. (Jika dia belajar keras, dia akan lulus.) I would buy a sport car if I had much money. (Saya akan membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.) Rumus kalimat Simple Present Tense 1. Rumus kalimat Simple Present Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB) (+) Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object (-) Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object (?) To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? (?) Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? TO BE 1 terdiri dari: am, is, are am untuk subjek I is untuk subjek she he it are untuk subjek you they we Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense tidak menggunakan kata kerja: (+ ) I am English Teacher She is English Teacher (- ) I am not English Teacher She is not English Teacher (?) Am I English Teacher Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is She English Teacher Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not (?) What are you ? Jawaban: I am a English Teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here 2.Rumus kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB 1) (+) Subject + Verb 1 + Object (-) Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object (?) DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object? (?) Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1? - do (+), don’t (-) : digunakan untuk subjek I you they we -does (+) , doesn’t (-) : digunakan untuk subjek she he it Catatan : Kalimat positif, untuk subject "He, She, It", penggunaan kata kerjanya (VERB) harus diakhiri dengan "s/es." - Pada umunya kata kerjanya langsung ditambah dengan akhiran “-s”, contohnya: Work – Works -Kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “ch, o, s, sh, x” ditambah akhiran “-es”, contohnya: Teach – Teaches, Pass – Passes, Go – Goes, Finish – Finishes, Fix - Fixes -Kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” dan dimulai dengan huruf mati, akhiran “-y”diubah menjadi “-i” kemudian ditambah “-es”, contohnya: Study - Studies -Sedangkan kata kerjanya berakhiran dengan huruf “-y” yang diawali dengan huruf hidup, cukup ditambah dengan akhiran “-s” saja, contohnya: Buy - Buys Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja: (+ ) I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday (- ) I don’t speak English everyday She doesn’t speaks English everyday (?) Do you speak English everyday? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English everyday? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t (?) Why Do you speak English everyday Why Does she speak English everyday?

Motion

Motion : ECONOMICS This House Believes That Tax Holiday is Essential This House Believes in the Direct Allocation of Stimulus Package to Citizens This House Believes That Developing Nations Should Nationalize Their Energy Resources NATIONAL THW increase the national defense budget. THBT our legislative is not credible. THBT a governor elected by president is feasible. EDUCATION: THBT education must take full responsibility to Student's Violence THBT local language subject matter is no more effective. THBT government must start 12 years compulsory education. LAW: THW replace Prison with community service for minor crimes THW criminalize smoking in public places THW give death penalty to the corruptors. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT THW localize gambling THBT electronic cinema is corrupting our living values. THW restrict the use of private vehicle. NB: THW : The house would THBT : The house believe that.